Effect of increasing soil carbon on N2O emissions and fertiliser requirements. Buntine, Western Australia, 2012-2013 [Theme: Soil Carbon in N2O Emissions]

public read uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Effect of increasing soil carbon on N2O emissions and fertiliser requirements. Buntine, Western Australia, 2012-2013 [Theme: Soil Carbon in N2O Emissions] Dr. Louise Barton The University of Western Australia Associate Professor

School of Earth & Environment (M087), The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia

+61 8 6488 2543 louise.barton@uwa.edu.au Ms. Siobhann McCafferty Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology Data Librarian

2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia

+61 7 3138 0457 siobhann.mccafferty@qut.edu.au Custodian/Steward Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) is promoted as a strategy for sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) and mitigating anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Agricultural management practices such as the conversion from conventional to no-till or reduced tillage, residue retention and addition, and crop rotations have the potential to increase SOC both internationally and in Australia. It is estimated widespread adoption of these recommended practices would increase SOC in croplands by 0.4 to 0.8 Pg C per year globally, with up to 0.99 Pg C in Australia cropping soils. However, while these agricultural practices may benefit soil C sequestration, their contribution to mitigating global climate warming may be offset by emissions of other GHGs. Increasing SOC can increase nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent GHG, by increasing the availability of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) to soil microoganisms. Crop residues are subject to N mineralisation, and in turn nitrification and denitrification; microbial process that lead to N2O production. For example, nitrifying microbes convert soil ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) under aerobic conditions, which may result in N2O-formation as a by-product of the N-transformation. Likewise, anaerobic denitrifiers sequentially reduce nitrogen oxides (e.g. NO3-) to nitric oxide, N2O and finally N2; with N2O emissions resulting from an incomplete conversion. Increasing soil N concentrations also inhibits methane (CH4) uptake by soil. While soil C sequestration would be expected to reach a maximum threshold, the effects on soil N2O and CH4 emissions could continue if SOC concentrations were maintained. Understanding the interaction between increasing SOC and GHG emissions is critical when assessing the effectiveness of land management practices to abate GHG emissions from the agricultural land sector. The effect of increasing SOC on GHG emissions and N fertiliser requirements is poorly understood for Australia’s infertile dryland cropping soils. Our knowledge of the interaction between soil C and GHG emissions is mainly derived from agricultural systems in the Northern Hemisphere. The majority of studies have investigated these effects on medium fertility soils, with GHG emissions often measured for only one to two growing seasons. The overall objective of this project was to investigate if increasing SOC altered GHG emissions (N2O and CH4). Consequently, measured GHG emissions from a research site where growers have been increasing soil carbon via organic matter inputs since 2003. We hypothesised increasing SOC would increase soil N2O and CH4 emissions, but at the same time lower the amount of N fertiliser required for grain production. Nitrous oxide N2O Canola Buntine Greenhouse gases Soil Carbon Soil aeration Urea WA 0502 0701 anzsrc-for 2012 2014 Buntine, Western Australia 116.5687 116.5687 -29.987 -29.987 1358747496305 Climate Climate.csv 50036 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/barton.90.4 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date the measurement was taken. DD-MM-YY Maximum Air Temp Maximum air temperature for that day. celsius natural Minimium Air Temp Minimum air temperature on that day. celsius natural Solar radiation Amount of energy received from the sun by the ground. megajoulespersquaremeterperday natural Precipitation Amount of rain received per day. milliliter natural Max Relative humidity Maximum humidity during the course of the day. percentage natural Min Relative humidity Minimum humidity experienced throughout the course of the day. percentage natural Wind speed Wind speed measured by onsite anemometer. metersPerSecond natural Soil temp: 5cm Average temperature experienced by the soil at a depth of 5cm. celsius natural Soil temp: 10cm Average temperature experienced by the soil at a depth of 10cm. celsius natural Soil temp: 20cm Average temperature experienced by the soil at a depth of 20cm. celsius natural 942 Crop type and Management (Canola) Crop type & Manage (Canola).csv 1033 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/barton.69.12 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Description Attribute of crop management. Crop management Parameter Parameter associated with the crop management activity Crop management Unit Units that the parameter is expressed in. Crop management 2012 Crop management data for the year 2012 number natural 2013 Data for the year 2013 number natural 2014 Data for the year 2014 number natural 50 Geographical information (Buntine) Unamed-table-2805519897687552803.tmp column , ecogrid://knb/barton.75.2 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Parameter Parameter of interest free form Parameter Measurements Measurement free text Information Source Source of the parameter measurement free text Soil Ammonium Ammonium present in the top 10cm of tilled soil. Unamed-table-4839125274163337765.tmp column , ecogrid://knb/barton.91.6 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date the samples were collected for analysis. dd-mm-yy NH4-N (OM plus Urea) Mean NH4-N in the plots with added organic matter and urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error for the previous column. number natural NH4-N (OM no Urea) Mean NH4-N in the plots with added organic matter and urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error for the previous column. number natural NH4-N (no OM plus Urea) Mean NH4-N in the plots with no added organic matter and urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error for the previous column. number natural NH4-N (no OM no Urea) Mean NH4-N in the plots with no added organic matter and no urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error for the previous column. dimensionless natural Dissolved Organic Carbon Dissolved organic carbon present in the top 10cm of tilled soil. Units are: ug C/gram of dry soil. Unamed-table-7115623290667815255.tmp column , ecogrid://knb/barton.92.5 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date the samples were collected for analysis. dd-mm-yy DOC (OM plus Urea) Mean dissolved organic carbon present in plots with added organic matter and urea fertiliser. microgramsPerGram natural SE Standard error in the previous column. dimensionless natural DOC (OM no Urea) Mean dissolved organic carbon present in plots with added organic matter but no urea fertiliser. microgramsPerGram natural SE Standard error in the previous column. dimensionless natural DOC (no OM plus Urea) Mean dissolved organic carbon present in plots with no added organic matter but with urea fertiliser. microgramsPerGram natural SE Standard error in the previous column. dimensionless natural DOC (no OM no Urea) Mean dissolved organic carbon present in plots with no added organic matter and no urea fertiliser. microgramsPerGram natural SE Standard error in the previous column. dimensionless natural N2O fluxes Nitrous oxide fluxes (hourly) (chris mod).csv 1284910 3 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/barton.93.3 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C1 N2O-N flux from chamber 1. Organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C2 N2O-N flux from chamber 2. Organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C3 N2O-N flux from chamber 3. Organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C4 N2O-N flux from chamber 4. Organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C5 N2O-N flux from chamber 5. Organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C6 N2O-N flux from chamber 6. Organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C7 N2O-N flux from chamber 7. No organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C8 N2O-N flux from chamber 8. No organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C9 N2O-N flux from chamber 9. No organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C10 N2O-N flux from chamber 10. No organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C11 N2O-N flux from chamber 11. No organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 N2O Flux C12 N2O-N flux from chamber 12. No organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural 5866 CH4 fluxes CH4 fluxes from gas chambers in tilled soil. Methane fluxes (hourly) (chris mod).csv 1281214 3 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/barton.94.3 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C1 CH4-C flux from chamber 1. Organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C2 CH4-C flux from chamber 2. Organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C3 CH4-C flux from chamber 3. Organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C4 CH4-C flux from chamber 4. Organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C5 CH4-C flux from chamber 5. Organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C6 CH4-C flux from chamber 6. Organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C7 CH4-C flux from chamber 7. No organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C8 CH4-C flux from chamber 8. No organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C9 CH4-C flux from chamber 9. No organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C10 CH4-C flux from chamber 10. No organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C11 CH4-C flux from chamber 11. No organic matter added and urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural Date + Time Date the flux in the following column was measured. dd-mm-yy 0 CH4 Flux C12 CH4-C flux from chamber 12. No organic matter added and no urea fertiliser added. microgramsPersquaremeterPerhour natural 5809 Soil Nitrate Soil Nitrate (0-10cm) (chris mod).csv 4025 3 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/barton.95.4 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date the soil samples were collected for analysis. dd-mm-yy 0 NO3-N (OM plus Urea) Mean NO3-N in the plots with added organic matter and urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural NO3-N (OM no Urea) Mean NO3-N in the plots with added organic matter and no urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural NO3-N (No OM plus Urea) Mean NO3-N in the plots with no organic matter but with urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural NO3-N (No OM no Urea) Mean NO3-N in the plots with no organic matter and no urea fertiliser. kilogramsPerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural 69 Soil moisture Mean soil moisture in tilled soil. (0-10cm) Units are grams of H2O per gram of dry soil. Gravimetric Water Content (0-10cm) (chris mod).csv 4154 3 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/barton.96.4 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date the soil samples were collected for analysis. dd-mm-yy 0 H2O (OM plus Urea) Mean H2O content in the plots with added organic matter and urea fertiliser. gramsPerGram natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural H2O (OM no Urea) Mean H2O content in the plots with added organic matter and no urea fertiliser. gramsPerGram natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural H2O (No OM plus Urea) Mean H2O content in the plots with no organic matter but with urea fertiliser. gramsPerGram natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural H2O (No OM no Urea) Mean H2O content in the plots with no organic matter and no urea fertiliser. gramsPerGram natural SE Standard error of the previous column dimensionless natural 70 Crop Growth and Yield Crop growth and yield from all plots. Crop Growth and Yield (all).csv 4358 3 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/barton.97.34 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date the plant samples were collected. dd-mm-yy 0 Crop Type of crop in the field sampled. Varieties of crop. Plant stage Stage of plant at time of sampling. Plant stage Dry shoot weight (plus OM plus urea) Mass of collected plants after drying at 60C from plots with organic matter and urea added. gram natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %N (plus OM plus urea) Percentage N in plant material collected from plots with organic matter and urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %C (plus OM plus urea) Percentage C in plant material collected from plots with organic matter and urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Dry shoot weight (plus OM no urea) Mass of collected plants after drying at 60C from plots with organic matter but no urea added. gram natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %N (plus OM no urea) Percentage N in plant material collected from plots with organic matter but no urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %C (plus OM no urea) Percentage C in plant material collected from plots with organic matter but no urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Dry shoot weight (no OM plus urea) Mass of collected plants after drying at 60C from plots with no organic matter but with urea added. gram natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %N (no OM plus urea) Percentage N in plant material collected from plots with no organic matter but with urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %C (no OM plus urea) Percentage C in plant material collected from plots with no organic matter but with urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Dry shoot weight (no OM no urea) Mass of collected plants after drying at 60C from plots with no organic matter or urea added. gram natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %N (no OM no urea) Percentage N in plant material collected from plots with no organic matter or urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural %C (no OM no urea) Percentage C in plant material collected from plots with no organic matter or urea added. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain Yield (OM plus Urea) Mean weight of grain harvested from plots with both organic matter and urea fertiliser. tonnePerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain Yield (OM no Urea) Mean weight of grain harvested from plots with organic matter but no urea fertiliser. tonnePerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain Yield (No OM plus Urea) Mean weight of grain harvested from plots with no added organic matter but with urea fertiliser. tonnePerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain Yield (No OM no Urea) Mean weight of grain harvested from plots with no added organic matter and no added urea fertiliser. tonnePerHectare natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %N (OM plus Urea) Mean percentage of nitrogen in harvested grain from plots with added organic matter and urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %N (OM no Urea) Mean percentage of nitrogen in harvested grain from plots with added organic matter but no urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %N (No OM plus Urea) Mean percentage of nitrogen in harvested grain from plots with no added organic matter but with urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %N (No OM no Urea) Mean percentage of nitrogen in harvested grain from plots with no added organic matter or urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %C (OM plus Urea) Mean percentage of carbon in harvested grain from plots with added organic matter and urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %C Mean percentage of carbon in harvested grain from plots with added organic matter but no urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %C (No OM plus Urea) Mean percentage of carbon in harvested grain from plots with no added organic matter but with urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural Grain %C (No OM no Urea) Mean percentage of carbon in harvested grain from plots with no added organic matter or urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. dimensionless natural 14 Buntine agronomic records 2012 Background information on the managementof the buntine site. 2012 Buntine Agronomic Geographic Records.pdf pdf ecogrid://knb/barton.98.1 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read Buntine agronomic records 2012 Buntine agronomic records 2012 text Buntine agronomic records 2013 Records for the management of the buntine site during the year 2013 2013 Buntine Agronomic Geographic Records.pdf pdf ecogrid://knb/barton.99.1 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read Buntine agronomic records 2013 Records for the management of the buntine site during the year 2013 text Volumetric water content (Probe) Volumetric water content data sourced from probes within the plots. Probes were placed horizontally and collected data hourly. Unamed-table-2747152735995852730.tmp column , ecogrid://knb/barton.103.2 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date/Time Date and time of value collection DD/MM/YY HH:MM OM+tillage (plus N) - Plot 1 Moisture probe data from plot 1. Plot has has organic matter and Urea added. percentage natural OM+tillage (no N) - Plot 2 Moisture probe data from plot 2. Plot has has organic matter but no Urea added. percentage natural OM+tillage (no N) - Plot 5 Moisture probe data from plot 5. Plot has has organic matter but no Urea added. percentage natural OM+tillage (plus N) - Plot 6 Moisture probe data from plot 6. Plot has has organic matter and Urea added. percentage natural Tillage (No N) - Plot 7 Moisture probe data from plot 7. Plot has has no organic matter and no Urea added. percentage natural Tillage (Plus N) - Plot 8 Moisture probe data from plot 8. Plot has has no organic matter but has Urea added. percentage natural Tillage (Plus N) - Plot 11 Moisture probe data from plot 11. Plot has has no organic matter but has Urea added. percentage natural Tillage (No N) - Plot 12 Moisture probe data from plot 12. Plot has has no organic matter and no Urea added. percentage natural Volumetric water content Volumetric water content measured from collected soils. Unamed-table-7992356315997690068.tmp column , ecogrid://knb/barton.105.2 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date sample was collected. DD-MM-YY Volumetric H2O (OM+Urea) Mean volumetric water content measured from plots treated with organic matter and urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. number natural Volumetric H2O (OM no Urea) Mean volumetric water content measured from plots treated with organic matter but no urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. number natural Volumetric H2O (No OM plus Urea) Mean volumetric water content measured from plots treated with no organic matter but with urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. number natural Volumetric H2O (No OM No Urea) Mean volumetric water content measured from plots treated with no organic matter or urea fertiliser. percentage natural SE Standard error of the previous column. number natural Buntine agronomic records 2014 Records for the management of the buntine site during the year 2014 2014 Buntine Agronomic Geographic Records.pdf pdf ecogrid://knb/barton.106.1 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Buntine agronomic records 2014 Records for the management of the buntine site during the year 2014 text and images percentage Solar radition as MJ/m2?d Unit of gas emission from soil.