public read uid=reeves,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=wang,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=grace,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read uid=labadz,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Dr. Weijin Wang Department of Science, Information Technology Innovation and the Arts Soil Scientist

GPO Box 2454 Brisbane QLD 4001 AUSTRALIA

+61 (7) 3170 5768 +61 (7) 3170 5801 weijin.wang@science.dsitia.qld.gov.au http://www.qld.gov.au/dsitia/ Dr. Barry Salter BSES Ltd Agronomist

26135 Peak Downs Highway Te Kowai QLD 4740 Australia

+61 7 4963 6802 +61 7 4945 5167 bsalter@bses.com.au http://www.bses.org.au Field experiment maintenance and data collection Mr. Neil Halpin Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Senior Agronomist

49 Ashfield Street Bundaberg QLD 4670 Australia

+61 7 4132 5538 +61 7 4155 6129 neil.halpin@daff.qld.gov.au http://www.daff.qld.gov.au Field experiment maintenance and data collection High nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have been observed in previous field studies in Australian sugarcane cropping systems. These observations demonstrate a genuine need and great potentials for developing effective mitigation strategies. In this project, we are using a combination of automatic gas sampling systems and manual chambers to investigate effective management practices for reducing N2O emissions in the wet tropical and subtropical sugarcane production regions. The major objectives of this project were to (i) investigate the efficacy of DMPP and polymer coating on mitigating N2O emissions, reducing N fertiliser application rates and increasing fertiliser N use efficiency whilst maintaining or enhancing crop yield in the wet tropics where normal fertiliser N is susceptible to losses by denitrification, leaching and runoff; and (ii) identify better soybean residue management practices for mitigating N2O emissions and maximising N use efficiency in the subtropics where leguminous crop rotation is recommended as one of the sustainable management practices in future farming systems. To address objective 1 a field experiment was setup near Ingham, in northern Queensland, while another field experiment was setup near Bundaberg in Queensland, to address objective 2. Nitrous oxide Sugarcane Nitrification inhibitors Greenhouse gases Soybean Urea Legume rotation DMPP Bundaberg Ingham QLD 0502 0799 0701 anzsrc-for 2012 2015 Ingham 146.15 146.15 -18.65 -18.65 Bundaberg 152.35 152.35 -24.87 -24.87 1364169985929

(1) 0N: Control, no nitrogen fertiliser applied; (2) 140N_U: Normal urea applied at 140 kg/ha (recommended rate); (3) 140N_PCU: Polymer-coated urea at 140 kg N/ha; (4) 140N_U+DMPP: DMPP-coated urea at 140 kg N/ha; (5) 100N_U: Normal urea at 100 kg N/ha (sub-optimal rate; not measured for N2O emissions); (6) 100N_PCU: Polymer-coated urea at 100 kg N/ha; (7) 100N_U+DMPP: Urea added with DMPP at 100 kg N/ha

Automated gas sampling chambers (50cm L * 50cm W) Manual gas sampling chambers (50cm L * 50cm W)

(1). BF-T-S-0N: Bare fallow followed by tillage and sugarcane crop with no nitrogen fertiliser applied; (2). BF-T-S-150N: Bare fallow followed by tillage and sugarcane crop with nitrogen fertiliser applied as urea at 150 kg N/ha (normal application rate); (3). SF-T -S: Soybean fallow with grain harvested followed by tillage (incorporation of soybean residues into soil) and sugarcane planting, perhaps with supplementary nitrogen fertiliser depending on the soybean biomass yield; (4). SF-NT-S: Same as (3) but soybean residues laid on the soil surface (no-till); (5). SF-T+DMPP-S: Same as (3) but the soybean residues are sprayed with the nitrification inhibitor DMPP before tillage. (6). SF-NT+DMPP-S: Same as (4) but the soybean residues are sprayed with DMPP.

Automated gas sampling chambers (50cm L * 50cm W) Manual gas sampling chambers (50cm L * 50cm W) Treatments at the Ingham site were arranged in a randomised block design with four replicates. The plots were 20 m long with a 1 m buffer zone between blocks and 8.4 m wide with 5 crop rows planted in the middle of approximately 1 m wide beds. Treatments at the Bundaberg site were arranged in a randomised block design with four replications for each treatment. Each plot measured 20 m long with a 1-m gap between two adjacent plots and 9.15 m wide (5 beds) with one crop bed as a buffer between two neighbouring plots. Automatic chambers measured CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes continually approximately every 2 to 3 hours. Manual gas samples were taken 2 to 3 days a week between 9am and 11am. The automatic gas sampling system delivered gas samples to a gas chromatograph eqipped with an ECD and FID to measure N2O and CH4 respectively, while a li-cor was used to continuously measure CO2 concentrations. Gas samples taken using the manual chamber method were stored in exetainers and analysed in a laboratory using a gas chromatograph equipped with an ECD, FID and TCD for the determintation of N2O, CH4, and CO2 respectively. Ingham_weather_data INGHAM_weather_data.csv 3101 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.79.1 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=wang,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Date Date Time DD/MM/YYYY 0 Mean T oC Mean daily temperature celsius natural Rainfall (mm) Daily rainfall millimeter natural 130 Ingham_Soil_Nmin_shoulder_furrow Ingham soil Nmin in the top 30cm of the shoulder/furrow INGHAM_Soil_Nmin_shoulder_furrow.csv 694 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.80.1 public read Date Date Time DD/MM/YYYY 0 0N_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 0 Nurea treatment on the shoulder/furrow milligramsofNperkilogram natural 0_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 0 N urea treatment on the shoulder furrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 100N PCU_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100 N polymer coated urea treatment on the shoulder/furrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 100N PCU_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in th etop 30cm of the 100 N polymer coated urea treatment on the shoulder /urrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 100N U+DMPP_Mean Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100 N urea with DMPP treatment on the shoulder/furrow. milligramsNperkilogram natural 100N U+DMPP_SE Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100N urea with DMPP treatment on the shoulder/furrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 140N PCU_Mean Mean Nmin in th etop 30cm of the 100 N polymer coated urea treatment on the shoulder/furrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 140N PCU_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100 N polymer coated urea treatment on the shoulder/furrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 140N U+DMPP_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea with DMPP treatment on the shoulder/furrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 140N U+DMPP_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea with DMPP treatment on the shoulder/furrow milligramsofNperkilogram natural 140N Urea_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea treatment on the shoulder/furrow milligramsofNperkilogram natural 140N Urea_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea treatment on the shoulder/furrow. milligramsofNperkilogram natural 4 Bundaberg_weather_data Bundaberg weather data BUNDABERG_weather_data.csv 2348 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.81.1 public read Date Date Time DD/MM/YYYY 0 Mean Air temp Mean air temperature celsius natural Rainfall mm Daily rainfall millimeter natural 98 Ingham_Auto_N2O_flux Ingham Daily Nitrous Oxide flux INGHAM_Auto_N2O_flux.csv 5712 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.82.1 public read Date Date time DD-MM-YYYY 0 0N_Mean_N2O-N_g/ha/d Mean N2O flux from 0N treatment grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 0N_SE_N2O-N_g/ha/d Standard error of the 0N treatment mean. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N_mean_N2O-N_g/ha/d Mean nitrous oxide flux from 140N treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N_SE_N2O-N_g/ha/d Standard error of the 140N treatment mean grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 99 BUNDABERG_Auto_N2O_flux Bundaberg Nitrous oxide flux using the automatic chamber method BUNDABERG_Auto_N2O_flux.csv 10942 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.83.1 public read Date Date time DD/MM/YYYY 0 Fallow_Bed Nitrous oxide flux from fallow treatment on the Bed grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_Bed SE Standard error associated with mean value from the fallow treatemnt on the bed. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_Furrow Nitrous oxide flux from fallow treatemnt on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_Furrow SE Standard error associated with mean value from the fallow treatment on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_Bed Nitrous oxide flux from soybean treatment on the bed. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_Bed SE Standard error associated with mean value from the soybean treatment on the bed. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_Furrow Nitrous oxide flux from soybean treatment on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_Furrow SE Standard error associated with mean value from the soybean treatement on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_mean Weighted average of nitrous oxide flux from the bed and furrow for the fallow treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_SE Standard error of the weighted average nitrous oxide flux for the fallow treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_mean Weighted average of nitrous oxide flux from the bed and furrow for the soybean treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_SE standard error of the weighted average nitrous oxide flux for the soybean treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 87 Bundaberg_Manual_N2O_flux Bundaberg nitrous oxide flux from the manual chamber method BUNDABERG_Manual_N2O_flux.csv 2463 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.84.1 public read Date Date Time DD/MM/YYYY 0 Fallow_bed Mean nitrous oxide flux for the fallow treatment on the bed. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_bed SE Standard error of the mean nitrous oxide flux for the fallow treatment on the bed. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_Furrow Mean nitrous oxide flux for the fallow treatment on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_furrow SE Standard error of the mean nitrous oxide flux for the fallow treatment on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_bed Mean nitrous oxide flux for the soybean treatment on the bed. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_bed SE Standard error of the mean nitrous oxide flux for the soybean treatment on the bed. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_Furrow Mean nitrous flux for the soybean treatment on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_furrow SE Standard error of the mean nitrous oxide flux for the soybean treatment on the furrow. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_mean Weighten mean nitrous oxide flux for the fallow treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Fallow_SE Standard error of the weighted mean nitrous oxide flux for the fallow treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_mean Weighted mean nitrous oxide flux for the soybean treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural Soy_SE Standard error of the weighted mean nitrous oxide flux for the soybean treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 15 Bundaberg_Soil_Nmin Bundaberg Nmin in the top 30cm of soil BUNDABERG_Soil_Nmin.csv 381 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.85.1 public read Date Date Time DD/MM/YYYY 0 BF_bed_mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the fallow treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural BF_bed_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the fallow treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural BF_furrow_mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the fallow treatment on the furrow. milligrams of N per kilogram natural BF_furrow_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the fallow treatment on the furrow. milligrams of N per kilogram natural SF_bed_mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the soybean teatment on the bed. milligramsNperkilogram natural SF_bed_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the soybean treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural SF_furrow_mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the soybean treatment on the furrow. milligramsNperkilogram natural SF_furrow_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the soybean reatment on the furrow. milligramsNperkilogram natural 3 Ingham_Manual_N2O_flux Ingham manual nitrous oxide flux meanured using the manual chamber method. INGHAM_Manual_N2O_flux.csv 3996 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.86.1 public read date Date Time DD/MM/YYYY 0 0N_mean Weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 0N treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 0N_SE Standard error of the weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 0N treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N_U Weighten mean of nitrous oxide flux from 140N - urea treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N_U_SE Standard error of the weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 140 N urea treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N_PCU Weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 140 N - polymer coated urea treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N_PCU_SE Standard error of the weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 140 N - polymer coated urea treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N_U+DMPP Weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 140 N - urea with DMPP treatement. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 140N+DMPP_SE Standard error of the weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 140 N - urea with DMPP treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 100N_PCU Weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 100 N - polymer coated urea treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 100N_PCU_SE Standard error of the weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 100 N - polymer coated urea treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 100N_U+DMPP Weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 100 N - urea with DMPP treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 100N+DMPP_SE Standard error of the weighted mean of nitrous oxide flux from 100 N - urea with DMPP treatment. grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day natural 25 Ingham_Soil_Nmin_Bed Ingham soil Nmin in the top 30cm of the bed INGHAM_Soil_Nmin_Bed.csv 716 1 #x0A column , ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.87.1 public read Date Date time DD/MM/YYYY 0 0N_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30 cm of the 0N treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 0N_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 0N treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 100N PCU_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100 N polymer coated urea treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 100N PCU_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100 N polymer coated urea treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 100N U+DMPP_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100 N urea with DMPP treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 100N U+DMPP_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 100 N urea with DMPP treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 140N PCU_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N polymer coated urea treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 140N PCU_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N polymer coated urea treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 140N U+DMPP_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea with DMPP treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 140N U+DMPP_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea with DMPP treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 140N Urea_Mean Mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 140N Urea_SE Standard error of the mean Nmin in the top 30cm of the 140 N urea treatment on the bed. milligrams of N per kilogram natural 4 Bundaberg site data 2012-2014 [Climate, irrigation, manual and auto gas chamber measurements] Bundaberg_2014_10_01.xlsx application/vnd.ms-excel ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.190.1 uid=labadz,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read uid=grace,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read Rainfall Rainfall data millimeter natural Irrigation Irrigation measurement value Air temperature Temperature measurement in celsius celsius natural Auto chamber N2O flux Auto chamber gas measurements values Manual chamber N2O flux Manual chamber gas emissions values Ingham site data 2012-2014 [Climate, irrigation, manual and auto chamber measurements] Ingham_Experiment_2_2014_10_01.xlsx application/vnd.ms-excel ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.191.1 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=wang,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=labadz,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read uid=grace,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org read Rainfall Rainfall at site millimeter natural Gas flux Gas flux measurements Values Soil chemistry Soil data Values Data Bundaberg Site 20150630 Data_Bundaberg_Site_20150630.xlsx application/vnd.ms-excel ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.249.1 uid=wang,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all Gas flux text type Data Ingham Experiment 1 201150630 Data_Ingham_Experiment 1_201150630.xlsx application/vnd.ms-excel ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.250.1 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=wang,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all data data data Data Ingham Experiment 2 20150630 Data_Ingham Experiment 2_20150630.xlsx application/vnd.ms-excel ecogrid://knb/datalibrarian.251.1 uid=datalibrarian,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all uid=wang,o=unaffiliated,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all data data data millimetres grams of nitrous oxide nitrogen per hectare per day milligrams of N per kilogram milligramsofNperkilogram milligramsNperkilogram