@manual{deKlein2017,
title = {Nitrous Oxide Chamber Methodology Guidelines},
author = {Cecile de Klein and Mike Harvey},
url = {http://globalresearchalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Chamber_Methodology_Guidelines_Final-V1.1-2015.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-07-01},
abstract = {The Nitrous Oxide Chamber Methodology Guidelines was identified as a priority project by the Livestock Research Group of the Global Research Alliance at its meeting in Amsterdam in 2011.
The New Zealand government requested proposals in December 2011 for the compilation of comprehensive guidelines for non-steady-state (N_{2}O) chambers, to detail the current state of knowledge of (N_{2}O) chamber methodologies and provide guidelines and recommendations for their use. In developing the guidelines, each chapter covers one of the key aspects – including design, deployment, air sample collection, storage and sample analysis, data analysis and data reporting – with additional chapters on automated systems and Health and Safety. The project was co-ordinated by AgResearch, a Crown Research Institute in New Zealand, who invited scientists from around the world to participate.
The guidelines aim to provide practitioners with information on best practice and factors that need to be considered in design and operation of (N_{2}O) flux measurement programmes. Areas where there is no current consensus are described as evolving issues},
keywords = {Program co-ordination},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {manual}
}

@article{Grace2010b,
title = {Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Irrigated Cotton Soils Of Northern Australia},
author = {Peter R. Grace and David Rowlings and Ian Rochester and Ralf Kiese and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl},
url = {http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/19th-world-congress-of-soil-science},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
abstract = {An automated gas sampling methodology has been used to estimate nitrous oxide (N_{2}O) emissions from heavy black clay soil in northern Australia where split applications of urea were applied to furrow irrigated cotton. Nitrous oxide emissions from the beds were 643 g N/ha over the 188 day measurement period (after planting), whilst the N_{2}O emissions from the furrows were significantly higher at 967 g N/ha. The DNDC model was used to develop a full season simulation of N_{2}O and N_{2} emissions. Seasonal N_{2}O emissions were equivalent to 0.83% of applied N, with total gaseous N losses (excluding NH_{3}) estimated to be 16% of the applied N.},
note = {Gilkes, R.J, Prakongkep, N. (Eds.). Proceedings 19th World Congress of Soil Science 2010; Published on DVD; http://www.iuss.org; Congress Symposium 4; Greenhouse gases from soils, IUSS, Brisbane, pp. 179-182.},
keywords = {Program co-ordination},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Grace2010,
title = {The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program},
author = {Peter R. Grace and Louise Barton and Deli Chen and Richard Eckard and John Graham and Sara Hely and Kevin Kelly and Sally Officer and Ian Rochester and David Rowlings and Clemens Scheer and G. D. Schwenke and Weijin Wang},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
abstract = {Nitrous oxide emissions are highly variable across industries, soils, climates and management practices. The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program (NORP) is a network of six experimental sites developing spatial and temporal scaling tools using both automatic and manual chambers comparing best management practices to reduce emissions whilst maintaining agricultural productivity and profitability. NORP delivers multiple benefits to Australia's primary producers through a comprehensive database for advanced analysis of N_{2}O emissions datasets, aligned with soil C, climate, and management data with easy access for end users and the simulation community.},
note = {Gilkes, R.J, Prakongkep, N. (Eds.). Proceedings 19th World Congress of Soil Science 2010; Published on DVD; http://www.iuss.org; Congress Symposium 4; Greenhouse gases from soils, IUSS, Brisbane, pp. 247-248.},
keywords = {Program co-ordination},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Scheer2010,
title = {Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Intensive Pasture On Ferrosol In Northern Nsw, Australia: Impact Of Biochar Amendment},
author = {Clemens Scheer and Peter R. Grace and David Rowlings and Stephen Kimber and Lukas Van Zwieten},
url = {http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/19th-world-congress-of-soil-science},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
pages = {96-98},
abstract = {An intensive field campaign was performed from April to June 2009 to assess the effect of biochar amendment on the emission of soil-borne GHGs from a sub-tropical pasture on acidic ferrosol. Over the whole measurement period high emissions N_{2}O and high fluxes of CO_{2} could be observed, whereas a net uptake of CH_{4} was measured. Only small differences in the fluxes of N_{2}O and CH_{4} from the biochar amended plots (35.33 ± 4.83 µg N_{2}O -N/m2/h, -6.76 ± 0.20 µg CH4 -C/m_{2}/h) vs. the control plots (31.08 ± 3.50 µg N_{2}O-N/m2/h,-7.30 ± 0.19 µg CH_{4} -C/m_{2}/h) could be observed, while there was no significant difference in the fluxes of CO_{2}. However, it could be observed that N_{2}O emissions were significantly lower from the biochar amended plots during periods with low emission rates (< 50 µg N_{2}O -N/m_{2}/h). Only during an extremely high emission event following heavy rainfall N_{2}O emissions from the biochar amended plots were higher than from the control plots. Our results demonstrate that pastures on ferrosols in Northern NSW are a significant source of GHG and that the amendment of biochar can alter those emissions. However, more field and laboratory incubation studies covering prolonged observation periods are needed to clarify the impact of biochar amendment on soil microbial processes and the emission of soil-borne GHGs.},
note = {Gilkes, R.J, Prakongkep, N. (Eds.). Proceedings 19th World Congress of Soil Science 2010; Published on DVD; http://www.iuss.org; Congress Symposium 4; Greenhouse gases from soils, IUSS, Brisbane, pp. 96-98.},
keywords = {Program co-ordination},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Millar2010,
title = {Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Management As A Nitrous Oxide Mitigation Strategy: Development Of A Nitrous Oxide Emission Reduction Protocol (Nerp)},
author = {Neville Millar and G. Philip Robertson and Peter R. Grace and Ron J. Gehl and John P. Hoben},
url = {http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/19th-world-congress-of-soil-science},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
pages = {172-175},
abstract = {Nitrous oxide (N_{2}O ) is a potent agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG). More than 50% of the global anthropogenic N_{2}O flux is attributable to emissions from soil, primarily due to large fertilizer nitrogen (N) applications to corn and other non-leguminous crops. Quantification of the trade-offs between N_{2}O emissions, fertilizer N rate, and crop yield is an essential requirement for informing management strategies aiming to reduce the agricultural sector GHG burden, without compromising productivity and producer livelihood. There is currently great interest in developing and implementing agricultural GHG reduction offset projects for inclusion within carbon offset markets. Nitrous oxide, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 298, is a major target for these endeavours due to the high payback associated with its emission prevention. In this paper we use robust quantitative relationships between fertilizer N rate and N2O emissions, along with a recently developed approach for determining economically profitable N rates for optimized crop yield, to propose a simple, transparent, and robust N_{2}O emission reduction protocol (NERP) for generating agricultural GHG emission reduction credits. This NERP has the advantage of providing an economic and environmental incentive for producers and other stakeholders, necessary requirements in the implementation of agricultural offset projects.},
note = {Gilkes, R.J, Prakongkep, N. (Eds.). Proceedings 19th World Congress of Soil Science 2010; Published on DVD; http://www.iuss.org; Congress Symposium 4; Greenhouse gases from soils, IUSS, Brisbane, pp. 172-175.},
keywords = {Program co-ordination},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Rowlings2010,
title = {Quantifying N_{2}O and CO_{2} emissions from a subtropical pasture},
author = {David Rowlings and Peter R. Grace and Ralf Kiese and Clemens Scheer},
url = {http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/19th-world-congress-of-soil-science},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-04-01},
pages = {199-201},
abstract = {Greenhouse gas emissions from a well established, unfertilized tropical grass-legume pasture were monitored over two consecutive years using high resolution automatic sampling. Nitrous oxide emissions were highest during the summer months and were highly episodic, related more to the size and distribution of rain events than WFPS alone. Mean annual emissions were significantly higher during 2008 (5.7 ± 1.0 g N_{2}O -N/ha/day) than 2007 (3.9 ± 0.4 and g N_{2}O -N/ha/day) despite receiving nearly 500 mm less rain. Mean CO_{2} (28.2 ± 1.5 kg CO_{2} C/ha/day) was not significantly different (P < 0.01) between measurement years, emissions being highly dependent on temperature. A negative correlation between CO_{2} and WFPS at >70% indicated a threshold for soil conditions favouring denitrification. The use of automatic chambers for high resolution greenhouse gas sampling can greatly reduce emission estimation errors associated with temperature and WFPS changes.},
note = {Gilkes, R.J, Prakongkep, N. (Eds.). Proceedings 19th World Congress of Soil Science 2010; Published on DVD; http://www.iuss.org; Congress Symposium 4; Greenhouse gases from soils, IUSS, Brisbane, pp. 199-201.},
keywords = {Program co-ordination},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}